Be it etchings on the walls of ancient structures, sculptures of gods and goddesses within temple shrines, or dolls and artefacts harboured in tiny shops by the streets, they are all preserving old artistic works- terracotta has become a familiar material. Terracotta sculptures are one of the oldest and most ubiquitous art forms in human history. These sculptures are made of fired clay and are found across the globe in various forms, from small figurines to larger-than-life sculptures. They have been used for religious and decorative purposes, and have played an important role in the history of art.
Before we delve into the significance of terracotta sculptures across cultures and time periods. I would like to point out that there are many fascinating similarities related to terracotta sculptures shared by many ancient cultures for whom, these sculptures were an integral part of life. The evolution of terracotta sculptures is a fascinating topic, as it shows how this ancient art form has changed and adapted over time.
Ever wondered about the origins of these terracotta sculptures? How did this art form come into existence and what was its purpose? In this blog post, we will take a journey through time to explore the evolution of terracotta sculptures and their importance in the world of art.
Ancient Terracotta Sculptures
Terracotta sculptures have been an integral part of many ancient civilizations. From Greece and Rome to Egypt and India, terracotta has been used to create sculptures that have withstood the test of time. One example of ancient terracotta sculpture is the famous Terracotta Army in China, which consists of thousands of life-size sculptures that were created more than 2,000 years ago.
Greece: In Greece, terracotta sculptures were created as early as the 7th century BCE. These sculptures were made using the coil and pinch method, in which the clay was rolled into long coils and then pinched together to form the desired shape. One notable example of ancient Greek terracotta sculpture is the Tanagra figurines, which were created in the 4th century BCE and were known for their delicate features and intricate details.
Africa: The Nok culture is one of the earliest known cultures to produce terracotta sculptures in West Africa. The Nok people lived in what is now Nigeria between 1000 BCE and 500 CE. The terracotta sculptures produced by the Nok were mainly human figures, with some animal representations as well. These sculptures are significant not only for their age but also for their intricate details and life-like features. The Nok culture was able to produce these sculptures using complex firing and moulding techniques, which allowed for the creation of a wide variety of shapes and sizes. The purpose of these sculptures is not entirely clear, but they are believed to have been used in rituals or as burial objects for important individuals.
Egypt: In Egypt, terracotta sculptures were used in funerary contexts, such as canopic jars that held the organs of the deceased. One example of ancient Egyptian terracotta sculpture is a group of human-like statues known as the "Shawabti figures," which were created to serve as servants for the deceased in the afterlife.
Indus Valley Civilisation: In India, terracotta sculptures were created as early as the Indus Valley Civilization, which existed from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. These sculptures were made using a variety of techniques, including wheel-throwing and hand-building. One example of an ancient Indian terracotta sculpture is the "Mother Goddess" figurine, which was created during the Harappan period and is believed to represent fertility and motherhood.
Renaissance and Baroque Period
During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, there was a renewed interest in the use of terracotta sculptures in art and architecture. Terracotta was used extensively for the decoration of buildings and monuments, and also for creating intricate sculptures. One of the most notable characteristics of these sculptures was the intricate details and delicate features, which were achieved through skilled techniques such as modelling, carving, and casting. Some of the most famous terracotta sculptures from this era include Luca della Robbia's "Madonna and Child", Giovanni della Robbia’s "Dovizia”, and Gian Lorenzo Bernini's "terracotta model of the blessed Ludovica Alberton”
These sculptures not only showcased the artists’ mastery of the medium but also reflected the cultural and artistic trends of the time.
19th and 20th Century Terracotta Sculptures
The 19th and 20th centuries saw a continued evolution of terracotta sculpture. The Art Nouveau movement of the late 19th century embraced the use of natural forms and flowing lines, which were often translated into terracotta sculptures. The Art Deco movement of the 1920s and 30s, on the other hand, favoured more geometric and streamlined designs in their terracotta sculptures.
In the modern era, terracotta sculptures have continued to be used in contemporary art. Many artists have experimented with new techniques and styles, resulting in a diverse range of terracotta sculptures. Some artists use terracotta to create hyper-realistic sculptures, while others prefer to explore more abstract forms.
Famous 19th and 20th-century terracotta sculptors include Auguste Rodin, who is known for his expressive terracotta busts, and Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, who created intricate and detailed terracotta sculptures. Contemporary artists working with terracotta include Ai Weiwei, who creates large-scale installations using the material, and Simone Leigh, who creates powerful and thought-provoking sculptures that often incorporate elements of African art.
Techniques and Tools Used in Terracotta Sculpture-Making
Terracotta sculpture-making is a centuries-old craft that requires a combination of skill, patience, and creativity. The process involves several tools and techniques that have evolved over time to create stunning works of art.
One of the most important aspects of terracotta sculpture-making is the clay used. Various types of clay are used, each with its own unique properties and characteristics. The most commonly used clay for terracotta sculptures is earthenware, which is known for its ability to withstand high temperatures during firing.
Another crucial aspect of terracotta sculpture-making is the firing process. Once the sculpture is complete, it is dried thoroughly and then fired in a kiln. The firing temperature and duration depend on the type of clay used and the desired finish. Some sculptors prefer a matte finish, while others opt for a glossy or glazed finish.
The finishing techniques for terracotta sculptures can also vary greatly. Sculptors may choose to leave the sculpture in its natural, fired state, or they may paint or glaze it to add colour and texture. Some sculptors also use additional materials, such as metal or wood, to enhance the sculpture's overall appearance.
In terms of tools, a variety of instruments are used to shape and mould the clay. These include wire tools, rib tools, and loop tools, each with a specific purpose. Some sculptors also use a potter's wheel to create symmetrical shapes or add intricate details.
Conclusion
From emulating their own culture and living experiences to elevating the art form to bestow meaning and metaphorical interpretation, people have been shaping the material from time immemorial. During ancient times, terracotta was one of the easily accessible and widely used materials. Even today the material and art form hasn’t become obsolete despite the takeover of industries, and the shift to synthetic materials. The myths and stories tethered to the sculptures, figurines, and etchings, have been travelling from one era to another, and these old tales are recounted and are upheld even today. These stories and myths, however, could not contain themselves in a particular place. They moved from one place to another, transcending boundaries. Isn't it incredible how stories of different countries have common themes and motifs? The universality of human experiences, irrespective of differences in language, lifestyle, and demographic, the stories seem to have a significant amount of affinity.
Many artworks have gotten lost in the layers of time, but some have stood the test of time. Like any other form, this art form has also undergone revival and reformations. The usage also has differed. Today, terracotta is gathering momentum, and is entering various arenas - be it academics, its art and craft. Research and study on the historical significance of terracotta and archaeological study have been emerging branches of discourse.
Not only do we see sculptures, etchings on the walls or ancient artefacts around us, but we also have seen pots, vessels, kitchenware, accessories, etc. As the concept of eco-friendly is reaching the masses, terracotta, as an organic material is one of the most preferred mediums.